The 4d1ye
Mumaawa ekutanga emusi waApril 26, 1986, kuyedza kuchengetedza pane nyukireya reactor mu Chernobyl - yakawedzerwa kune zvikanganiso zvevanhu - zvakakonzera kuputika kwaizoshandura nhoroondo yevanhu. Matani emagetsi eradioactive akakandwa mumhepo, achisvibisa nzvimbo inopfuura 1000 km². Chigadzirwa chiri mukati Ukraine, 194 km kubva muguta guru, Kiev. 4v1e72
Panguva iyoyo, ichiri pasi poutongi hweSoviet, hurumende yakaedza kuvanza zvakaitika. Anopfuura maawa makumi maviri nemana gare gare, zvidyarwa zvenyukireya mukati Sweden - iyo iri kure nemakiromita anopfuura chiuru - yakaona huwandu hwemwaranzi mumhepo, ine zvinhu zvisina kugadzirwa ipapo. VaSoviet vakaramba vachiramba zvakaitika, asi hazvina kutora nguva kuti nzanga dzepasi rose dzidzidze nezvenyaya yacho.
Chii chinonzi radiation v3x6l
Kuti unzwisise zviri nani chokwadi che Chernobyl, zvakakosha kuti unzwisise kuti maitiro ekugadzira simba anoshanda sei muchirimwa chenyukireya. Iyo kemikari nzira inozivikanwa semwaranzi ndeimwe yehwaro hwekunzwisisa uku. Inosanganisira kubudiswa uye kuparadzirwa kwesimba nemagetsi emagetsi.
Panyaya yemagetsi Chernobyl, vakashandisa rudzi rweuranium isina kugadzikana kuti ibudise huwandu hwakawanda hwekupisa (fission). Kupisa uku kunofefetedza mvura uye kunomanikidza maturbine makuru kutenderera, achigadzira simba remagetsi. MuBrazil, simba rakawanda rinogadzirwa nemagetsi emagetsi, ayo ari madhamu makuru anotenderera turbine nesimba rechisikigo remvura. Naizvozvo, munguva dzekunaya kwemvura shoma, bhiri racho rinowanzodhura zvakanyanya.
Dambudziko nderekuti zvinhu zvinoshandiswa muzvirimwa zvenyukireya zvine muchetura zvakanyanya, zvichitora zviuru zvemakore kuti zviparare. Muzviitiko izvi tiri kutaura nezve ionizing radiation - iyo ine simba rakakwana rekubvisa maerekitironi kubva kumaatomu, zvichikonzera kusagadzikana.
Chiyero chekuyera kuverengera chiyero chemwaranzi chinonzi zimbabwe. 2 zimbabwe zvinokwana kuuraya munhu mumazuva mashoma, zvichikonzera kupiswa, kusvotwa nemamota. Non-ionizing radiation haina chepfu kuvanhu. Matombo, ivhu, zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi uye kunyange mabhanana zvakare anoburitsa mwaranzi, asi kana iri zvinhu izvi mutero haupfuuri 0,2 microsieverts (kusimbisa pane micro).
Nekufambira mberi kwesainzi, takakwanisa kushandisa radioactivity kuti tibatsire. Pakutora X-ray, semuenzaniso, imwe mhando yemwaranzi inoshandiswa iyo isina hutsinye kuvanhu. Pamusoro pekuongororwa, inoshandiswa mukurapa cancer mune radiotherapy process.
Chernobyl nemigumisiro 3q214f
Pashure pokuputika, zviuru zvevanhu zvakashanda kwemwedzi yakawanda kuti zvibvise utachiona hwacho. Avo vaive pedyo nenzvimbo yetsaona ndivo vaive vakafumuka zvakanyanya, vachifa mazuva mashoma mushure mekutapukirwa. Pripyat, guta rakavakwa kuti rigare vashandi vomugwenya wacho nemhuri dzavo, raifanira kubudiswa nokukurumidza.
Nekuda kwekunonoka kwehurumende kubvuma kukura kwedambudziko iri, vanhu zviuru zana vaigara Pripyat Vaingosara nemaminitsi makumi mana ekuti varongedze zvinhu zvavo. Parizvino, inozivikanwa se "ghost town" uye yave nzvimbo yevashanyi mudunhu. Zviripachena, dzimwe nzvimbo chete dzinogona kushanyirwa, dzichiperekedzwa negwara uye zvinhu zvakakodzera.
Jecha neboron zvakakandwa panzvimbo iyi kuti ive nemoto, uyo wakazodzima mushure memavhiki maviri. Chimiro chikuru chekongiri chakavakwa chakatenderedza reactor kuti kumisa kupararira kuenderere mberi. Yakatumidzwa zita rekuti "Sarcophagus", chimiro chakangopedzwa muna Zvita 1986, mwedzi misere mushure mekuputika. Muna 2016, chimwe chimiro chakaiswa pachirimwa kuti chive nemarara kweanenge zana.
Brazil yakashumawo njodzi panguva iyoyo. Kufungidzira huwandu hwevakafa pa2000, maererano neruzivo kubva kuAmerican intelligence. Zvichakadaro, USSR yaiti vanhu vaviri chete ndivo vakafa. Kuvhiringidzika kweruzivo uku kwakakonzerwa nekukwikwidzana kwenyika dzeCold War uye kusabuda pachena kwemaSoviet. Ona iyo Jornal Nacional report pazasi:
Kusvikira nhasi, Europe neRussia vanotambura mhedzisiro yetsaona mu Chernobyl. Nzvimbo inodarika chiuru chemakiromita haichagariki. Mwero wemwaranzi inoyerwa muzvokudya zvinorimwa, uye nekufamba kwemakore nhamba yevana vane gomarara yakawedzera zvikuru. Nhamba chaiyo yenzufu haisati yazivikanwa, sezvo migumisiro yenguva refu inoparadza.
Chirevo chakaburitswa na Runyararo Runyararo, muna 2006, zvinofungidzirwa kuti pavanhu mabhiriyoni maviri vakabatwa nechirwere ichi pasi rose, 2 270 vakava nemhando yekenza uye 93 20 vakafa nechirwere ichi. Sezvo iyi data yasakara, inongotipa pfungwa yezvakakonzera njodzi makore makumi maviri gare gare. Nhasi, nhamba iyi ingangove yakakwirira zvikuru.
Makore matatu mushure mekutambudzika, muna 1989, World Association of Nuclear Operators yakagadzirwa. Yakavakirwa muLondon, iyo institution ine chinangwa chekutarisa nekudzivirira njodzi dzakaita seChernobyl kuti dzisadzoke. Gore rega rega vanogadzirira mushumo nehuwandu hwezvirimwa zvakavakwa, pasi pekuvakwa, huwandu hwesimba rinogadzirwa uye imwe data.
Dzimwe tsaona munhoroondo 4zw3f
Three Mile Island 464h2
Inowanikwa mudunhu rePennsylvania, mu United States, tsaona yakaitika pachiteshi chechitima Three Mile Island yakaitika musi waMarch 28, 1979. Zvichiteverwa nezvikanganiso zvevanhu uye zvikanganiso zvekugadzira, reactor ye2 yeplanti yakapisa zvakapfurikidza zvichiita kuti pakati panyunguduke. Zvakatora mazuva mashanu kuti ive nedenda, iro nerombo rakanaka harina kuuraya vanhu.
Fukushima 4h6t3m
Muna March 2011, kudengenyeka kwepasi kwe8,7 magnitude kwakarova mahombekombe eJapan. Tsunami yakagadzira uye yakakuvadza imwe yemareactor paFukushima 1 Nuclear Power Plant. Anenge makiromita makumi maviri enharaunda yakapoteredza chirimwa akabviswa. Chiyero chemwaranzi yakaparadzirwa chaive chakanyanya Chernobyl, zvisinei, pakanga pasina vakafa. Tsunami, zvisinei, yakasiya vanhu vanenge 20 XNUMX vafa kana kuti vashaikwa.
Cesium 137 4t3o24
O Brasil Akanga ariwo protagonist wetsaona yeradioactive. MuGoiânia, muna 1987, vatakuri vemarara vaviri vakawana muchina weradiationtherapy. Mudziyo uyu waive nemakemikari ane radioactive zvakanyanya ari muhupfu - cesium chloride. Vaunganidzi vakatengesa mudziyo kune junkyard, uko muridzi (akafara nekupenya kwechinhu) akachigovera kumhuri nevavakidzani.
Vanhu gumi nemumwe vakafa uye vanopfuura mazana matanhatu vakabatwa nechirwere ichi. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti vanhu vanopfuura 11 600 vakakanganiswa nekufumurwa uku.
Brazil uye nyika mune nyukireya mamiriro 3y2069
Kunyange nemigumisiro ine ngwavaira, simba renyukireya hariratidziki kuva rinotyisidzira indasitiri. Parizvino, maererano neFGV Engenharia's energy bulletin, kune 448 reactor magwenya emagetsi enyukireya anoshanda munyika makumi matatu. Uye nhamba iyi inongowedzera kuwedzera.
Brazil ine maviri anoshanda reactor, Angra 1 uye Angra 2, muRio de Janeiro. Muna 2017, mareactor akagadzira inopfuura 2,5% yesimba rinoshandiswa munyika. Nhamba inonyara ichienzaniswa ne kana Russia, semuenzaniso. Yechitatu reactor, Angra 3, yave ichivakwa kweanopfuura makore makumi matatu nemashanu uye basa rayo rakamiswa nenyaya dzakawanda dzehuori dzinosanganisira aimbova mutungamiri Michel Temer.
Varatidziri kubva Runyararo Runyararo zvinopesana zvachose nekuvakwa kwenzvimbo itsva dzenyukireya muBrazil. Mukuwedzera kune njodzi dzinogona kuitika, senge in Chernobyl, sangano rinoyambira nezve mabatirwo emarara eatomu. Kuratidzira uku kwakawana simba muna 2011, mushure menyaya ya Fukushima.
A Alemanha, iyo yaizopa michina yekupedzisa basa reBrazil, yaive imwe yenyika idzo, zvakare muna 2011, dzakaita chisungo chekudzima zvirimwa zvese panosvika 2022.
Nyanzvi munyaya dzezvemagetsi enyukireya dzinoti zvakakosha mubudiriro yenyika. Adriano Pires, mutungamiriri weBrazilian Infrastructure Center (CBIE), anosimbisa kuti matanho ekuderedza kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza ndeimwe yepfungwa huru dzekuronga. Anoti zvicherwa zvenyukireya zvicherwa zvakachipa, zvinounza mabasa panguva yekuvaka uye kugadzira magetsi nguva nenguva, pasina zvinoenderana nehuwandu hwekunaya kwemvura.
"Chakanakira kushandisa uranium sechitubu chesimba ndechekuwedzera kwayo simba. Kigiramu imwe chete yeuranium chaiyo kana kuti magiramu makumi maviri namashanu euranium yakapfumiswa, iyo inowirirana nematani makumi maviri emarasha kana kuti matani gumi emafuta, inobudisa 50.000 XNUMX kWh.”
Adriano Pires, director weBrazilian Infrastructure Center (CBIE), yeFGV Energy Sector Economic Bulletin.
Mune dzimwe nzvimbo simba renyukireya haisi nyaya yezvakatipoteredza chete, asiwo inyaya yetsika. Munzvimbo dzinotonhora zvakanyanya se Armenia e Russia, simba rinogadzirwa nemiti yenyukireya rinova rinokosha kuti vanhu vararame. Munguva yechando, vanhu veRussia vanotarisana nekushisa kusvika kusvika ku40 degrees.
Chernobyl: nhepfenyuro 3u4t29
“Kunyepa kunobhadhara chii?” Yakanga iri nechikonzero ichi kuti 5-episode miniseries, Chernobyl, yakatanga muna Chivabvu 6 pa. HBO. Kugadzirwa uku kudyidzana neBritish chiteshi Sky atlantic uye ichava nemhedziso yaro Muvhuro unotevera, 3. Yakagadzirwa naCraig Mazin (screenwriter we The Huntsman and the Ice Queen, 2016), nhevedzano yakanangana nezvisarudzo zvakaitwa ki kwezviitiko zvehurumende yeSoviet zvakakonzera kufa kwezviuru. zvevagari .
Maererano naCraig, Chernobyl idocudrama (izwi rinoshandiswa kune mafirimu uye nhevedzano ine kufanana kwakasimba kunyaya chaiyo) iyo inoburitsa zvakadzama zvibayiro zvese zvakaitwa neruzhinji kumisa mwaranzi. Iine toni yakasviba, inotarisa kune akati wandei mavara chaiwo aive chikamu cheakasiyana akaturikidzana enhoroondo.
Munguva yezvikamu, tinotevera munhu wose kubva kune vanopisa moto vakapa hupenyu hwavo kuti vadzime moto kune masayendisiti avo, zvinopesana nezvinetso zvose, vakaongorora zvakadzama zvikonzero zvechiitiko ichi. Screenwriter yakaratidza mubvunzurudzo kuti akaramba achiverenga nezvenyaya iyi kuti apindure mubvunzo unotevera: Nei? Kuna Craig, chokwadi chekuti tsaona yakaitika panguva yekuyedzwa kwekuchengetedza inoshamisa uye inonakidza panguva imwe chete.
"Paunobvunza mumwe munhu zvakaitika kuTitanic, munhu wese anogona kuzvitsanangura, asi hapana anoziva kuti Chernobyl yakaputika sei kana kuti nei."
Craig Mazin, mugadziri weHBO miniseries Chernobyl
Vatambi vacho vanosanganisira Jared Harris (The Expanse), Stellan Skarsgård (Amai Mia! Here We Go Again, 2018), Emily Watson (The Book Mbavha, 2013) naDonald Sumpter (Maester Luwin, kubva Game of Zvigaro zvoumambo).
Chernobyl yatove budiriro yakakosha, ikatora nzvimbo yekutanga pakati peiyo yakatemerwa zvakanyanya pasi rose. IMDb. Kugadzirwa kwacho kwakapfuura favourite dzefani senge Game of Thrones uye Breaking Bad, ine zvibodzwa zve9,7. Rukudzo rwanga rwuchiunganidzira runoratidzwa mune ine nhanho, inowirirana uye inoshungurudza nyaya. Iwo mukana wakanakira chero munhu anoda kuziva zvakawanda nezveimwe yenjodzi huru kwazvo inokonzerwa nevanhu.
“Kana vanhu vakasarudza kunyepa uye kutenda nhema. Wese munhu anopinda murudzi rwekurangana kwekuzvisimudzira. Tinogona kuzvisiya kwenguva yakareba, asi chokwadi hachina basa nazvo. ”
Craig Mazin, mugadziri weHBO miniseries Chernobyl
